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{{Infobox Language|name=Scottish Gaelic|nativename=Gàidhlig|caption=Gaelic road signs in Scotland
in Mallaig, [United States, Australia, Canada, [Western Isles, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Formerly all of mainland Scotland, albeit marginally in the southeast (parts of Lothian and Scottish Borders) and possibly eastern Caithness. Also in Sydney, Australia, Moscow, Russia and Astana, Kazakhstan.]. 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000.http://www.mla.org/map_data_states&mode=lang_tops&lang_id=636. 822 in Australia in 2001. http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/WAPeople%5CSect1%5CTable%201p04%20Aust.pdf. Estimated 100+ speakers in Russia and about 100 in Kazakhstan (Estimated over 100,000 speakers in 2006)]|fam3=Insular Celtic languages|fam4=Goidelic languages|nation=Scotland|iso1=gd|iso2=gla|iso3=gla-->

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the [Goidelic languages branch of Celtic languages. This branch also includes the Irish language and Manx language languages. It is distinct from the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, which includes Welsh language, Cornish language, and Breton language. Scottish, Manx and Irish Gaelic are all descended from Old Irish language. The language is often described as Scottish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, or Gàidhlig to avoid confusion with the other two Goidelic languages. Outside Scotland, it is occasionally also called Scottish or Scots, a usage dating back over 1,500 years, for example Old English language Scottas. This usage is uncommon in Scotland (and parts of northern most England) because since the 16th century the word Scots has by-and-large been used to describe (Lowland) Scots language, which developed from the northern form of early Middle English. In Scottish English, Gaelic is pronounced ; outside Scotland, it is usually (for comprehension, see International Phonetic Alphabet).

History Gaelic, a descendant of the Goidelic branch of Celtic and closely related to Irish, is the traditional language of the Scotti or Gaels, and became the historical language of the majority of Scotland after it replaced Cumbric language, Pictish language and Old Norse language. It is not clear how long Gaelic has been spoken in what is now Scotland; it has lately been proposed that it was spoken in Argyll before the Roman period, but no consensus has been reached on this question. However, the consolidation of the kingdom of Dál Riata around the 4th century, linking the ancient province of Ulster in the north of Ireland and western Scotland, accelerated the expansion of Gaelic, as did the success of the Gaelic-speaking church establishment. Placename evidence shows that Gaelic was spoken in the Rhinns of Galloway by the fifth century or sixth century century.

The Gaelic language eventually displaced Pictish language north of the River, and until the late 15th century it was known in English language as Scottis. Gaelic began to decline in mainland Scotland by the beginning of the thirteenth century century, and with this went a decline in its status as a national language. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the highland-lowland line was beginning to emerge.



By the early 16th century, English speakers gave the Gaelic language the name Erse (meaning Irish) and thereafter it was invariably the collection of Middle English dialects spoken within the Kingdom of Scotland that they referred to as Scottis (whence Scots language). Nevertheless, Gaelic has never been entirely displaced of national language status, and is still recognised by many Scots, whether or not they speak Gaelic, as being a crucial part of the nation's culture. Of course, others may view it primarily as a regional language of the Scottish Highlands and islands.

Gaelic has a rich oral (beul-aithris) and written tradition, having been the language of the bardic culture of the Highland Scottish clan for several centuries. The language preserved knowledge of and adherence to pre-feudal laws and customs (as represented, for example, by the expressions tuatha and dùthchas). The language suffered especially as Highlanders and their traditions were persecuted after the Battle of Culloden in 1746, and during the Highland Clearances, but pre-feudal attitudes were still evident in the complaints and claims of the Highland Land League of the late 19th century: this political movement was successful in getting members elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Land League was dissipated as a parliamentary force by the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886 and by the way the Liberal Party (UK) was seen to become supportive of Land League objectives.

Scottish Gaelic may be more correctly known as Highland Gaelic to distinguish it from the now defunct Lowland Gaelic. Lowland Gaelic was spoken in the southern regions of Scotland prior to the introduction of Scots language. There is, however, no evidence of a linguistic border following the topographical north-south differences. Similarly, there is no evidence from placenames of significant linguistic differences between, for example, Argyll and Galloway. Dialects on both sides of the Straits of Moyle (the North Channel (British Isles)) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct.



Current distribution in Scotland The 2001 UK Census showed a total of 58,652 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.2% of population over three years old). Compared to the 1991 Census, there has been a diminution of approximately 7,300 people (an 11% of the total), meaning that Gaelic decline (language shift) in Scotland is continuing. To date, attempts at language revival or reversing language shift have been met with limited success.

Considering the data related to Civil Parishes (which permit a continuous study of Gaelic status since the 19th century), two new circumstances have taken place, which are related to this decline:

The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Western Isles (Na h-Eileanan Siar), where the overall proportion of speakers remains at 61.1% and all parishes return values over 50%. The Parish of Kilmuir in Northern Isle of Skye is also over this threshold of 50%.

Proportions over 20% register throughout the isles of Isle of Skye, Raasay, Tiree, Islay and Colonsay, and the already mentioned parish of Lochalsh in Highland.

Regardless of this, the weight of Gaelic in Scotland is now much reduced. From a total of almost 900 Civil Parishes in Scotland:

Outside the main Gaelic-speaking areas a relatively high proportion of Gaelic-speaking people are, in effect, socially isolated from other Gaelic-speakers and as a result they obtain few opportunities to use the language.

Orthography

Old Irish, the precursor to both Modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, was written in a carved writing called Ogham. Ogham consisted of marks made above or below a horizontal line. With the advent of Christianity in the 10th century the Latin alphabet was introduced to Ireland. The Goidelic languages have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland.

A form of Early Modern Irish, known as "Classical Gaelic", was used as a literary language in Ireland until the 17th century and in Scotland until the 18th century. Later orthographic divergence is the result of more recent orthographic reforms resulting in standardised pluricentric language diasystems.

The 1767 New Testament historically set the standard for Scottish Gaelic. Around the time of World War II, Irish spelling was reformed and the Official Standard or Caighdeán Oifigiúil introduced. Further reform in 1957 eliminated some of the silent letters which are still used in Scottish Gaelic. The 1981 Scottish Examinations Board recommendations for Scottish Gaelic, the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions, were adopted by most publishers and agencies, although they remain controversial among some academics, most notably Ronald Black.The Board of Celtic Studies Scotland (1998) Computer-Assisted Learning for Gaelic: Towards a Common Teaching Core. The orthographic conventions were revised by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in 2005:

The modern Scottish Gaelic alphabet has 18 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U

The letter h, now mostly used to indicate lenition of a consonant, was in general not used in the oldest orthography, as lenition was instead indicated with a dot over the lenited consonant. The letters of the alphabet were traditionally named after trees (see Scottish Gaelic alphabet), but this custom has fallen out of use.

The quality of consonants is indicated in writing by the vowels surrounding them. So-called "slender" consonants are palatalization while "broad" consonants are velarization. The vowels e and i are classified as slender, and a, o, and u as broad. The spelling rule known as caol ri caol agus leathann ri leathann ("slender to slender and broad to broad") requires that a word-medial consonant or consonant group preceded by a written i or e be also followed by an i or e; and similarly if preceded by a, o or u be also followed by an a, o, or u. Consonant quality (palatalised or non-palatalised) is then indicated by the vowels written adjacent to a consonant, and the spelling rule gives the benefit of removing possible uncertainty about consonant quality at the expense of adding additional purely graphic vowels that may not be pronounced. For example, compare the t in slàinte with the t in bàta .

The rule has no effect on the pronunciation of vowels. For example, plurals in Gaelic are often formed with the suffix -an, for example, bròg (shoe) / brògan (shoes). But because of the spelling rule, the suffix is spelled -ean (but pronounced the same) after a slender consonant, as in taigh (house) / taighean (houses) where the written e is purely a graphic vowel inserted to conform with the spelling rule because an i precedes the gh.

In changes promoted by the Scottish Examination Board from 1976 onwards, certain modifications were made to this rule. For example, the suffix of the past participle is always spelled -te, even after a broad consonant, as in togte "raised" (rather than the traditional togta).

Where pairs of vowels occur in writing, it is sometimes unclear which vowel is to be pronounced and which vowel has been introduced to satisfy this spelling rule.

Lexical stress vowels omitted in speech can be omitted in informal writing. For example: Tha mi an dòchas. ("I hope.") > Tha mi 'n dòchas.

Once Gaelic orthographic rules have been learned, the pronunciation of the written language can be seen to be quite predictable. However learners must be careful not to try to apply English sound-to-letter correspondences to written Gaelic, otherwise mispronunciations will result. Gaelic personal names such as Seònaid are especially likely to be mispronounced by English speakers.

Pronunciation Vowels Gaelic vowels can have a grave accent, with the letters à, è, ì, ò, ù. Traditional spelling also uses the acute accent on the letters á, é and ó, but texts which follow the spelling reform only use the grave.

{| class="wikitable" |+ A table of vowels with pronunciations in International Phonetic Alphabet! Spelling! Pronunciation! English equivalent! As in|-| a, á || , || cat || bata, lochán|-| à || || father || bàta|-| e || , || get, late || le, teth|-| è, é || , || marry, lady || sèimh, fhéin|-| i || , || tin, sweet || sin, ith|-| ì || || evil || mìn|-| o || , || top, boat || poca, bog|-| ò, ó || , || jaw, door || pòcaid, mór|-| u || || brood || tur|-| ù || || brewed || tùr|-|}

Diphthongs {| class="wikitable" |+ A table of diphthongs with pronunciations in International Phonetic Alphabet|-! Spelling! Pronunciation! As in|-| ai || , , , || caileag, iuchair, geamair, dùthaich|-| ài || , || àite, bara-làimhe|-| ao(i) || , || caol, gaoil, laoidh|-| ea || , , || geal, deas, bean|-| eà || || ceàrr|-| èa || || nèamh|-| ei || , || eile, ainmeil|-| èi || || cèilidh|-| éi || || fhéin|-| eo || || deoch|-| eò(i) || || ceòl, feòil|-| eu || , || ceum, feur|-| ia || , || biadh, dian|-| io || , || fios, fionn|-| ìo || , || sgrìobh, mìos|-| iu || || piuthar|-| iù(i) || || diùlt, diùid|-| oi || , || boireannach, goirid|-| òi || || fòill|-| ói || || cóig|-| ua(i) || , || ruadh, uabhasach, duais|-| ui || , , || muir, uighean, tuinn|-| ùi || || dùin|}

Consonants Most letters are pronounced similarly to other European languages. The broad consonants t and d and often n have a dental consonant articulation (as in Irish and the Romance languages and Slavic languages) in contrast to the Alveolar consonant articulation common in English language and other Germanic languages). Non-palatal r is an alveolar trill (like Italian language r or Spanish language rr.)

{| class="wikitable" !!Labial consonant!Coronal consonant!Postalveolar consonant!Palatal consonant!Velar consonant|-!align="left"|nasal consonant|align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"||align="center"||-!align="left"|plosive consonant|align="center"|, |align="center"|, |||align="center"|, |-!align="left"|affricate consonant|||align="center"|, |||-!align="left"|fricative consonant|align="center"|, |align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"|, |-!align="left"|Approximant consonant||||align="center"|||-!align="left"|Lateral consonant||align="center"|, ||align="center"|||-!align="left"|trill consonant||align="center"|||||-!align="left"|flap consonant||align="center"|||||-|}

Aspiration vs. Voicing in Gaelic Stops The "phonation" stop consonant are not Voice (phonetics) in Gaelic, but rather voiceless aspiration (phonetics). Thus Gaelic are really phonetically -aspirated.

The "voiceless" stops are voiceless and strongly aspirated (postaspirated in initial position, preaspirated in medial or final position). That is, in syllable onsets Gaelic are phonetically , but they are in syllable-final position. Note that preaspirated stops can also be found in Icelandic language. Because of these facts, it can be argued that Gaelic are +aspirated.

In some Gaelic dialects, stops at the beginning of a stressed syllable become voiced when they follow a nasal consonant, for example: taigh 'a house' is but an taigh 'the house' is ; cf. also tombaca 'tobacco' .

Broad vs. Slender Scottish Gaelic along with Irish language, Manx language and Old Irish contains what are traditionally referred to as broad and slender (palatalized) consonants. Historically, Primitive Irish consonants preceding the front vowels and developed a onglide similar to palatalized consonants found in Russian language (Thurneysen 1946, 1980). Celtic linguists traditionally transcribe slender consonants as /C´/.

Modern languages contrast from Gaelic in the assumed meaning of "broad" and "slender". In modern languages, the phonetic difference between "broad" and "slender" consonants are more complex than mere 'palatalization'. For instance, the Gaelic slender s, phonetically transcribed as /s´/, is actually pronounced as the alveolo-palatal fricative , not as . See the consonant chart below for details.

Lenition and spelling The lenition consonants have special pronunciations: bh and mh are ; ch is or ; dh, gh is or ; th is , , or silent; ph is . Lenition of l n r is not shown in writing. The digraph fh is almost always silent, with only the following three exceptions: fhèin, fhathast, and fhuair, where it is pronounced as .

{| class="wikitable" |+ A table of consonants with pronunciations in International Phonetic Alphabet.Based on Gillies (1993).! colspan="3" | Radical! colspan="3" | Lenited|-! Orthography! Broad! Slender! Orthography! Broad! Slender|-| b (initial) || || || bh || || |-| b (final) || || || bh || || |-| c (initial) || || or || ch || || |-| c (final) || || or || ch || || |-| d || || || dh || || |-| f (initial) || || || fh || silent || silent|-| f (final) || || || fh || silent || silent|-| g || || or || gh || || |-| l || || || l || no change || or |-| m || || || mh || || |-| n || || || n || || or |-| p (initial) || || || ph || || |-| p (final) || || || ph || || |-| r' || || same as broad || r || || |-| s || || || sh || || |-| t (initial)|| || || th || || |-| t (final) || || || th || or silent || or |}

Stress Stress is usually on the first syllable: for example drochaid 'a bridge' .(Knowledge of this fact alone would help avoid many a mispronunciation of Highland placenames, for example Mallaig is .) Note, though, that when a placename consists of more than one word in Gaelic, the Anglicised form is liable to have stress on the last element: Tyndrum < Taigh an Droma . This is because, unlike English, Gaelic word order places the specific element - adjectives, genitives - after the generic.

Epenthesis A distinctive characteristic of Gaelic pronunciation (which has influenced the Scottish accent – cf. girl and film ) is the insertion of epenthesis vowels between certain adjacent consonants, specifically, between sonorants (l or r) and certain following consonants: tarbh (bull) — Alba (Scotland) — .

Elision Schwa at the end of a word is elision when followed by a word beginning with a vowel. For example: duine (a man) — an duine agad (your man) —

Grammar Official recognition building completed in 2004.

After centuries of persecution, prejudice and neglect,See Kenneth MacKinnon (1991) Gaelic: A Past and Future Prospect. Edinburgh: The Saltire Society.Gaelic has now achieved a degree of official recognition with the passage of the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005.

As well as being taught in schools, including some in which it is the medium of instruction, it is also used by the local council in the Western Isles, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. The BBC Scotland also operates a Gaelic language radio station BBC Radio nan Gàidheal (which regularly transmits joint broadcasts with its Republic of Ireland counterpart Raidió na Gaeltachta), and there are also television programmes in the language on the BBC and on the ITV, usually subtitled in English. The ITV franchisee in the north of Scotland, Grampian Television, has a studio in Stornoway, Outer Hebrides. Viewers of Freeview a non-subscription digital TV service can receive channel, TeleG, which broadcasts for an hour every evening.

Gaelic Digital Service similar to S4C in Wales and TG4 in Ireland, is due to be launched in March 2008. As in Wales, the showing of programmes in the language as opt-outs on the main channels has been regarded as inadequate for the 58,552 who speak it, and as an annoyance to some of the English or Scots language speaking 5,003,459 who do not. In fact, this annoyance may be largely assumed: the evidence is that at least one Gaelic television programme produced by the BBC attains viewing figures in excess of the number of Gaelic speakers that could view it in Scotland. No complaints are being received by the BBC about Gaelic-language television programmes on BBC TV channels.

Bilingual road signs (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout the Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and elsewhere across the nation. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name.

The Ordnance Survey has acted in recent years to correct many of the mistakes that appear on maps. They announced in 2004 that they intended to make amends for a century of Gaelic ignorance and set up a committee to determine the correct forms of Gaelic place names for their maps.

Historically, Gaelic has not received the same degree of official recognition from the UK Government as Welsh language. With the advent of devolution, however, Scottish matters have finally begun to receive greater attention, and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament on 21 April 2005.

The key provisions of the Act are Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005.:



Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that the bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published with the main improvement that the guidance of the Bòrd is now statutory (rather than advisory).

In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to Executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on the concept of 'equal respect'. It is still not clear if the ambiguity of this wording will provide sufficient legal force to back up the demands of Gaelic speakers against the whims of public bodies.

The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum on the 21st of April 2005.

The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic, and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom, is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living can recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school.

The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school, Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu (‘Glasgow Gaelic School’), was opened at Woodside in Glasgow in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also exist). A total of 2,092 primary pupils are enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2006-7.

band, Mill a h-Uile Rud write and sing entirely in Gaelic and use the language on their website

In Nova Scotia, there are somewhere between 500 and 1,000 native speakers, most of them now elderly. In May 2004, the Provincial government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province.

In Prince Edward Island, the Colonel Gray High School is now offering two courses in Gaelic, an introductory and an advanced course, both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.

The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of Gaelic. Along with Irish and Welsh, Gaelic is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture.

The Columba Initiative, also known as colmcille (formerly Iomairt Cholm Cille), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish.

However, given there are no longer any unilingual Gaelic speakers, UK Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Working Paper 10 - R.Dunbar, 2003 following an appeal in the court case of Taylor v Haughney (1982), involving the staus of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the High Court of Justiciary ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings. Official Status for Gaelic: Prospects and Problems

Under the provisions of the 2005 Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland.

Church In the Western Isles, the isles of Lewis, Harris and North Uist have a Presbyterian majority (largely Church of Scotland - Eaglais na h-Alba in Gaelic, Free Church of Scotland (post 1900) and Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland.) The isles of South Uist and Barra have a Catholic majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles.

There are Gaelic-speaking congregations in the Church of Scotland, mainly in the Highlands and Islands, but also in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are St Columba's Church, Glasgow and Greyfriars Kirk, Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Leabhar Sheirbheisean - a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common Order - was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland, ISBN 0-907624-12-X.

The relationship between the Church and Gaelic has not always been an easy one. The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for Gaelic's decline. Whilst the Church of Scotland is supportive today, there is, however, an increasing difficulty in being able to find Gaelic-speaking ministers.

Personal names Gaelic has a number of personal names, such as Ailean, Aonghas, Dòmhnall, Donnchadh, Coinneach, Murchadh, for which there are traditional forms in English (Alan, Angus, Donald, Duncan, Kenneth, Murdo). There are also distinctly Scottish Gaelic forms of names that belong to the common European stock of given names, such as: Iain (John), Alasdair (Alexander), Uilleam (William), Catrìona (Catherine), Cairistìona (Christina), Anna (Ann), Màiri (Mary), Seumas (James) and Pàdraig (Patrick). Some names have come into Gaelic from Old Norse language, for example: Somhairle ( < Somarliðr), Tormod (< Þórmóðr), Torcuil (< Þórkell, Þórketill), Ìomhair (Ívarr). These are conventionally rendered in English as Sorley (or, historically, Somerled), Norman, Torquil, and Iver (or Evander). There are other, traditional, Gaelic names which have no direct equivalents in English: Oighrig, which is normally rendered as Euphemia (Effie) or Henrietta (Etta) (formerly also as Henny or even as Harriet), or, Diorbhal, which is "matched" with Dorothy, simply on the basis of a certain similarity in spelling; Gormul, for which there is nothing similar in English, and it is rendered as 'Gormelia' or even 'Dorothy'; Beathag, which is "matched" with Becky (> Rebecca) and even Betsy, or Sophie.

Many of these are now regarded as old-fashioned, and are no longer used (which is, of course, a feature common to many cultures: names go out of fashion). As there is only a relatively small pool of traditional Gaelic names from which to choose, some families within the Gaelic-speaking communities have in recent years made a conscious decision when naming their children to seek out names that are used within the wider English-speaking world. These names do not, of course, have an equivalent in Gaelic. What effect that practice (if it becomes popular) might have on the language remains to be seen. At this stage (2005), it is clear that some native Gaelic-speakers are willing to break with tradition. Opinion on this practice is divided; whilst some would argue that they are thereby weakening their link with their linguistic and cultural heritage, others take the opposing view that Gaelic, as with any other language, must retain a degree of flexibility and adaptability if it is to survive in the modern world at all.

The well-known name Hamish, and the recently established Mhairi (pronounced ) come from the Gaelic for, respectively, James, and Mary, but derive from the form of the names as they appear in the vocative case: Seumas (James) (nom.) → Sheumais (voc.), and, Màiri (Mary) (nom.) → Mhàiri (voc.).

The most common class of Gaelic surnames are, of course, those beginning with mac (Gaelic for son), such as MacGillEathain (MacLean). The female form is nic (Gaelic for daughter), so Catherine MacPhee is properly called in Gaelic, Caitrìona Nic a' Phì. "nic" is a contraction of the Gaelic phrase "nighean mhic", meaning "daughter of the son", thus Nic Dhomhnuill, really means "daughter of MacDonald" rather than "daughter of Donald". Although there is a common misconception that "mac" means "son of", the "of" part actually comes from the genitive form of the patronymic that follows the prefix "Mac", e.g., in the case of MacNéill, Néill (of Neil) is the genitive form of Niall (Neil).

Several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames: bàn (Bain - white), ruadh (Roy - red), dubh (Dow - black), donn (Dunn - brown), buidhe (Bowie - yellow).

Loanwords The majority of Scottish Gaelic's vocabulary is native Celtic languages. There are a large number of borrowings from Latin, (muinntir, Didòmhnaich), ancient Greek language, especially in the religious domain (eaglais, Bìoball from Ekklesia and Biblia), Old Norse language (eilean, sgeir), Hebrew language (Sàbaid, Aba) and Scots language (briogais, aidh).

In common with other Indo-European languages, the neologisms which are coined for modern concepts are typically based on Greek language or Latin, although writtenin Gaelic orthography; television, for instance, becomes telebhisean (cian-dhealbh could also be used), and computer becomes coimpiùtar (aireamhadair, bocsa-fiosa or bocsa-sgrìobhaidh could also be used). Although native speakers frequently use an English word for which there is a perfectly good Gaelic equivalent, they will, without thinking, simply adopt the English word and use it, applying the rules of Gaelic grammar, as the situation requires. With verbs, for instance, they will simply add the verbal suffix (-eadh, or, in Lewis, -igeadh, as in, "Tha mi a' watcheadh (Lewis, "watchigeadh") an telly" (I am watching the television), instead of "Tha mi a' coimhead air a' chian-dhealbh". This was remarked upon by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of Stornoway, Outer Hebrides in the New Statistical Account of Scotland, published over 170 years ago. However,as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels is becoming more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary.

Going in the other direction, Scottish Gaelic has influenced the Scots language (gob) and English, particularly Scottish Standard English. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, strontium (from Strontian), trousers, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben (beinn), glen (gleann) and loch. Irish language has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic. See List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin

Source: An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Alexander MacBain.

Common Scottish Gaelic words and phrases with Irish equivalents {| class="wikitable"|-! Scottish Gaelic Phrase! Irish Equivalent! Rough English Translation|-|Fàilte || Fáilte || Welcome|-|Halò || Haileo or Dia dhuit (trad., lit.: "God be with you") || Hello|-|Latha math || Lá maith || Good day|-|Ciamar a tha thu? || Conas atá tú? (Cad é mar atá tú? in Ulster Irish) || How are you?|-|Ciamar a tha sibh? || Conas atá sibh? (Cad é mar atá sibh? in Ulster Irish) || How are you? (plural, singular formal)|-|Madainn mhath || Maidin mhaith || Good morning|-|Feasgar math || Trathnóna maith || Good afternoon|-|Oidhche mhath || Oíche mhaith || Good night|-|Ma 's e do thoil e || Más é do thoil é || If you please|-|Ma 's e (bh)ur toil e || Más é bhur dtoil é || If you please (plural, singular formal)|-|Tapadh leat || Go raibh maith agat || Thank you|-|Tapadh leibh || Go raibh maith agaibh || Thank you (plural, singular formal)|-|Dè an t-ainm a tha ort? || Cad é an t-ainm atá ort? || What is your name?|-|Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh? || Cad é an t-ainm atá oraibh? || What is your name?(plural, singular formal)|-|Is mise... || Is mise... || I am...|-|Slàn leat || Slán leat || Goodbye|-|Slàn leibh || Slán libh || Goodbye (plural, singular formal)|-|Dè a tha seo? || Cad é seo? || What is this?|-|Slàinte || Sláinte || "health" (used as a toast English "cheers" when drinking)|-|}

References See also

Resources

External links

{{Infobox Language|name=Scottish Gaelic|nativename=Gàidhlig|caption=Gaelic road signs in Scotland
in Mallaig, [United States, Australia, Canada, [Western Isles, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Formerly all of mainland Scotland, albeit marginally in the southeast (parts of Lothian and Scottish Borders) and possibly eastern Caithness. Also in Sydney, Australia, Moscow, Russia and Astana, Kazakhstan.]. 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000.http://www.mla.org/map_data_states&mode=lang_tops&lang_id=636. 822 in Australia in 2001. http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/WAPeople%5CSect1%5CTable%201p04%20Aust.pdf. Estimated 100+ speakers in Russia and about 100 in Kazakhstan (Estimated over 100,000 speakers in 2006)]|fam3=Insular Celtic languages|fam4=Goidelic languages|nation=Scotland|iso1=gd|iso2=gla|iso3=gla-->

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the [Goidelic languages branch of Celtic languages. This branch also includes the Irish language and Manx language languages. It is distinct from the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, which includes Welsh language, Cornish language, and Breton language. Scottish, Manx and Irish Gaelic are all descended from Old Irish language. The language is often described as Scottish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, or Gàidhlig to avoid confusion with the other two Goidelic languages. Outside Scotland, it is occasionally also called Scottish or Scots, a usage dating back over 1,500 years, for example Old English language Scottas. This usage is uncommon in Scotland (and parts of northern most England) because since the 16th century the word Scots has by-and-large been used to describe (Lowland) Scots language, which developed from the northern form of early Middle English. In Scottish English, Gaelic is pronounced ; outside Scotland, it is usually (for comprehension, see International Phonetic Alphabet).

History Gaelic, a descendant of the Goidelic branch of Celtic and closely related to Irish, is the traditional language of the Scotti or Gaels, and became the historical language of the majority of Scotland after it replaced Cumbric language, Pictish language and Old Norse language. It is not clear how long Gaelic has been spoken in what is now Scotland; it has lately been proposed that it was spoken in Argyll before the Roman period, but no consensus has been reached on this question. However, the consolidation of the kingdom of Dál Riata around the 4th century, linking the ancient province of Ulster in the north of Ireland and western Scotland, accelerated the expansion of Gaelic, as did the success of the Gaelic-speaking church establishment. Placename evidence shows that Gaelic was spoken in the Rhinns of Galloway by the fifth century or sixth century century.

The Gaelic language eventually displaced Pictish language north of the River, and until the late 15th century it was known in English language as Scottis. Gaelic began to decline in mainland Scotland by the beginning of the thirteenth century century, and with this went a decline in its status as a national language. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the highland-lowland line was beginning to emerge.



By the early 16th century, English speakers gave the Gaelic language the name Erse (meaning Irish) and thereafter it was invariably the collection of Middle English dialects spoken within the Kingdom of Scotland that they referred to as Scottis (whence Scots language). Nevertheless, Gaelic has never been entirely displaced of national language status, and is still recognised by many Scots, whether or not they speak Gaelic, as being a crucial part of the nation's culture. Of course, others may view it primarily as a regional language of the Scottish Highlands and islands.

Gaelic has a rich oral (beul-aithris) and written tradition, having been the language of the bardic culture of the Highland Scottish clan for several centuries. The language preserved knowledge of and adherence to pre-feudal laws and customs (as represented, for example, by the expressions tuatha and dùthchas). The language suffered especially as Highlanders and their traditions were persecuted after the Battle of Culloden in 1746, and during the Highland Clearances, but pre-feudal attitudes were still evident in the complaints and claims of the Highland Land League of the late 19th century: this political movement was successful in getting members elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Land League was dissipated as a parliamentary force by the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886 and by the way the Liberal Party (UK) was seen to become supportive of Land League objectives.

Scottish Gaelic may be more correctly known as Highland Gaelic to distinguish it from the now defunct Lowland Gaelic. Lowland Gaelic was spoken in the southern regions of Scotland prior to the introduction of Scots language. There is, however, no evidence of a linguistic border following the topographical north-south differences. Similarly, there is no evidence from placenames of significant linguistic differences between, for example, Argyll and Galloway. Dialects on both sides of the Straits of Moyle (the North Channel (British Isles)) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct.



Current distribution in Scotland The 2001 UK Census showed a total of 58,652 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.2% of population over three years old). Compared to the 1991 Census, there has been a diminution of approximately 7,300 people (an 11% of the total), meaning that Gaelic decline (language shift) in Scotland is continuing. To date, attempts at language revival or reversing language shift have been met with limited success.

Considering the data related to Civil Parishes (which permit a continuous study of Gaelic status since the 19th century), two new circumstances have taken place, which are related to this decline:

The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Western Isles (Na h-Eileanan Siar), where the overall proportion of speakers remains at 61.1% and all parishes return values over 50%. The Parish of Kilmuir in Northern Isle of Skye is also over this threshold of 50%.

Proportions over 20% register throughout the isles of Isle of Skye, Raasay, Tiree, Islay and Colonsay, and the already mentioned parish of Lochalsh in Highland.

Regardless of this, the weight of Gaelic in Scotland is now much reduced. From a total of almost 900 Civil Parishes in Scotland:

Outside the main Gaelic-speaking areas a relatively high proportion of Gaelic-speaking people are, in effect, socially isolated from other Gaelic-speakers and as a result they obtain few opportunities to use the language.

Orthography

Old Irish, the precursor to both Modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, was written in a carved writing called Ogham. Ogham consisted of marks made above or below a horizontal line. With the advent of Christianity in the 10th century the Latin alphabet was introduced to Ireland. The Goidelic languages have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland.

A form of Early Modern Irish, known as "Classical Gaelic", was used as a literary language in Ireland until the 17th century and in Scotland until the 18th century. Later orthographic divergence is the result of more recent orthographic reforms resulting in standardised pluricentric language diasystems.

The 1767 New Testament historically set the standard for Scottish Gaelic. Around the time of World War II, Irish spelling was reformed and the Official Standard or Caighdeán Oifigiúil introduced. Further reform in 1957 eliminated some of the silent letters which are still used in Scottish Gaelic. The 1981 Scottish Examinations Board recommendations for Scottish Gaelic, the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions, were adopted by most publishers and agencies, although they remain controversial among some academics, most notably Ronald Black.The Board of Celtic Studies Scotland (1998) Computer-Assisted Learning for Gaelic: Towards a Common Teaching Core. The orthographic conventions were revised by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in 2005:

The modern Scottish Gaelic alphabet has 18 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U

The letter h, now mostly used to indicate lenition of a consonant, was in general not used in the oldest orthography, as lenition was instead indicated with a dot over the lenited consonant. The letters of the alphabet were traditionally named after trees (see Scottish Gaelic alphabet), but this custom has fallen out of use.

The quality of consonants is indicated in writing by the vowels surrounding them. So-called "slender" consonants are palatalization while "broad" consonants are velarization. The vowels e and i are classified as slender, and a, o, and u as broad. The spelling rule known as caol ri caol agus leathann ri leathann ("slender to slender and broad to broad") requires that a word-medial consonant or consonant group preceded by a written i or e be also followed by an i or e; and similarly if preceded by a, o or u be also followed by an a, o, or u. Consonant quality (palatalised or non-palatalised) is then indicated by the vowels written adjacent to a consonant, and the spelling rule gives the benefit of removing possible uncertainty about consonant quality at the expense of adding additional purely graphic vowels that may not be pronounced. For example, compare the t in slàinte with the t in bàta .

The rule has no effect on the pronunciation of vowels. For example, plurals in Gaelic are often formed with the suffix -an, for example, bròg (shoe) / brògan (shoes). But because of the spelling rule, the suffix is spelled -ean (but pronounced the same) after a slender consonant, as in taigh (house) / taighean (houses) where the written e is purely a graphic vowel inserted to conform with the spelling rule because an i precedes the gh.

In changes promoted by the Scottish Examination Board from 1976 onwards, certain modifications were made to this rule. For example, the suffix of the past participle is always spelled -te, even after a broad consonant, as in togte "raised" (rather than the traditional togta).

Where pairs of vowels occur in writing, it is sometimes unclear which vowel is to be pronounced and which vowel has been introduced to satisfy this spelling rule.

Lexical stress vowels omitted in speech can be omitted in informal writing. For example: Tha mi an dòchas. ("I hope.") > Tha mi 'n dòchas.

Once Gaelic orthographic rules have been learned, the pronunciation of the written language can be seen to be quite predictable. However learners must be careful not to try to apply English sound-to-letter correspondences to written Gaelic, otherwise mispronunciations will result. Gaelic personal names such as Seònaid are especially likely to be mispronounced by English speakers.

Pronunciation Vowels Gaelic vowels can have a grave accent, with the letters à, è, ì, ò, ù. Traditional spelling also uses the acute accent on the letters á, é and ó, but texts which follow the spelling reform only use the grave.

{| class="wikitable" |+ A table of vowels with pronunciations in International Phonetic Alphabet! Spelling! Pronunciation! English equivalent! As in|-| a, á || , || cat || bata, lochán|-| à || || father || bàta|-| e || , || get, late || le, teth|-| è, é || , || marry, lady || sèimh, fhéin|-| i || , || tin, sweet || sin, ith|-| ì || || evil || mìn|-| o || , || top, boat || poca, bog|-| ò, ó || , || jaw, door || pòcaid, mór|-| u || || brood || tur|-| ù || || brewed || tùr|-|}

Diphthongs {| class="wikitable" |+ A table of diphthongs with pronunciations in International Phonetic Alphabet|-! Spelling! Pronunciation! As in|-| ai || , , , || caileag, iuchair, geamair, dùthaich|-| ài || , || àite, bara-làimhe|-| ao(i) || , || caol, gaoil, laoidh|-| ea || , , || geal, deas, bean|-| eà || || ceàrr|-| èa || || nèamh|-| ei || , || eile, ainmeil|-| èi || || cèilidh|-| éi || || fhéin|-| eo || || deoch|-| eò(i) || || ceòl, feòil|-| eu || , || ceum, feur|-| ia || , || biadh, dian|-| io || , || fios, fionn|-| ìo || , || sgrìobh, mìos|-| iu || || piuthar|-| iù(i) || || diùlt, diùid|-| oi || , || boireannach, goirid|-| òi || || fòill|-| ói || || cóig|-| ua(i) || , || ruadh, uabhasach, duais|-| ui || , , || muir, uighean, tuinn|-| ùi || || dùin|}

Consonants Most letters are pronounced similarly to other European languages. The broad consonants t and d and often n have a dental consonant articulation (as in Irish and the Romance languages and Slavic languages) in contrast to the Alveolar consonant articulation common in English language and other Germanic languages). Non-palatal r is an alveolar trill (like Italian language r or Spanish language rr.)

{| class="wikitable" !!Labial consonant!Coronal consonant!Postalveolar consonant!Palatal consonant!Velar consonant|-!align="left"|nasal consonant|align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"||align="center"||-!align="left"|plosive consonant|align="center"|, |align="center"|, |||align="center"|, |-!align="left"|affricate consonant|||align="center"|, |||-!align="left"|fricative consonant|align="center"|, |align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"|, |-!align="left"|Approximant consonant||||align="center"|||-!align="left"|Lateral consonant||align="center"|, ||align="center"|||-!align="left"|trill consonant||align="center"|||||-!align="left"|flap consonant||align="center"|||||-|}

Aspiration vs. Voicing in Gaelic Stops The "phonation" stop consonant are not Voice (phonetics) in Gaelic, but rather voiceless aspiration (phonetics). Thus Gaelic are really phonetically -aspirated.

The "voiceless" stops are voiceless and strongly aspirated (postaspirated in initial position, preaspirated in medial or final position). That is, in syllable onsets Gaelic are phonetically , but they are in syllable-final position. Note that preaspirated stops can also be found in Icelandic language. Because of these facts, it can be argued that Gaelic are +aspirated.

In some Gaelic dialects, stops at the beginning of a stressed syllable become voiced when they follow a nasal consonant, for example: taigh 'a house' is but an taigh 'the house' is ; cf. also tombaca 'tobacco' .

Broad vs. Slender Scottish Gaelic along with Irish language, Manx language and Old Irish contains what are traditionally referred to as broad and slender (palatalized) consonants. Historically, Primitive Irish consonants preceding the front vowels and developed a onglide similar to palatalized consonants found in Russian language (Thurneysen 1946, 1980). Celtic linguists traditionally transcribe slender consonants as /C´/.

Modern languages contrast from Gaelic in the assumed meaning of "broad" and "slender". In modern languages, the phonetic difference between "broad" and "slender" consonants are more complex than mere 'palatalization'. For instance, the Gaelic slender s, phonetically transcribed as /s´/, is actually pronounced as the alveolo-palatal fricative , not as . See the consonant chart below for details.

Lenition and spelling The lenition consonants have special pronunciations: bh and mh are ; ch is or ; dh, gh is or ; th is , , or silent; ph is . Lenition of l n r is not shown in writing. The digraph fh is almost always silent, with only the following three exceptions: fhèin, fhathast, and fhuair, where it is pronounced as .

{| class="wikitable" |+ A table of consonants with pronunciations in International Phonetic Alphabet.Based on Gillies (1993).! colspan="3" | Radical! colspan="3" | Lenited|-! Orthography! Broad! Slender! Orthography! Broad! Slender|-| b (initial) || || || bh || || |-| b (final) || || || bh || || |-| c (initial) || || or || ch || || |-| c (final) || || or || ch || || |-| d || || || dh || || |-| f (initial) || || || fh || silent || silent|-| f (final) || || || fh || silent || silent|-| g || || or || gh || || |-| l || || || l || no change || or |-| m || || || mh || || |-| n || || || n || || or |-| p (initial) || || || ph || || |-| p (final) || || || ph || || |-| r' || || same as broad || r || || |-| s || || || sh || || |-| t (initial)|| || || th || || |-| t (final) || || || th || or silent || or |}

Stress Stress is usually on the first syllable: for example drochaid 'a bridge' .(Knowledge of this fact alone would help avoid many a mispronunciation of Highland placenames, for example Mallaig is .) Note, though, that when a placename consists of more than one word in Gaelic, the Anglicised form is liable to have stress on the last element: Tyndrum < Taigh an Droma . This is because, unlike English, Gaelic word order places the specific element - adjectives, genitives - after the generic.

Epenthesis A distinctive characteristic of Gaelic pronunciation (which has influenced the Scottish accent – cf. girl and film ) is the insertion of epenthesis vowels between certain adjacent consonants, specifically, between sonorants (l or r) and certain following consonants: tarbh (bull) — Alba (Scotland) — .

Elision Schwa at the end of a word is elision when followed by a word beginning with a vowel. For example: duine (a man) — an duine agad (your man) —

Grammar Official recognition building completed in 2004.

After centuries of persecution, prejudice and neglect,See Kenneth MacKinnon (1991) Gaelic: A Past and Future Prospect. Edinburgh: The Saltire Society.Gaelic has now achieved a degree of official recognition with the passage of the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005.

As well as being taught in schools, including some in which it is the medium of instruction, it is also used by the local council in the Western Isles, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. The BBC Scotland also operates a Gaelic language radio station BBC Radio nan Gàidheal (which regularly transmits joint broadcasts with its Republic of Ireland counterpart Raidió na Gaeltachta), and there are also television programmes in the language on the BBC and on the ITV, usually subtitled in English. The ITV franchisee in the north of Scotland, Grampian Television, has a studio in Stornoway, Outer Hebrides. Viewers of Freeview a non-subscription digital TV service can receive channel, TeleG, which broadcasts for an hour every evening.

Gaelic Digital Service similar to S4C in Wales and TG4 in Ireland, is due to be launched in March 2008. As in Wales, the showing of programmes in the language as opt-outs on the main channels has been regarded as inadequate for the 58,552 who speak it, and as an annoyance to some of the English or Scots language speaking 5,003,459 who do not. In fact, this annoyance may be largely assumed: the evidence is that at least one Gaelic television programme produced by the BBC attains viewing figures in excess of the number of Gaelic speakers that could view it in Scotland. No complaints are being received by the BBC about Gaelic-language television programmes on BBC TV channels.

Bilingual road signs (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout the Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and elsewhere across the nation. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name.

The Ordnance Survey has acted in recent years to correct many of the mistakes that appear on maps. They announced in 2004 that they intended to make amends for a century of Gaelic ignorance and set up a committee to determine the correct forms of Gaelic place names for their maps.

Historically, Gaelic has not received the same degree of official recognition from the UK Government as Welsh language. With the advent of devolution, however, Scottish matters have finally begun to receive greater attention, and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament on 21 April 2005.

The key provisions of the Act are Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005.:



Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that the bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published with the main improvement that the guidance of the Bòrd is now statutory (rather than advisory).

In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to Executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on the concept of 'equal respect'. It is still not clear if the ambiguity of this wording will provide sufficient legal force to back up the demands of Gaelic speakers against the whims of public bodies.

The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum on the 21st of April 2005.

The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic, and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom, is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living can recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school.

The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school, Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu (‘Glasgow Gaelic School’), was opened at Woodside in Glasgow in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also exist). A total of 2,092 primary pupils are enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2006-7.

band, Mill a h-Uile Rud write and sing entirely in Gaelic and use the language on their website

In Nova Scotia, there are somewhere between 500 and 1,000 native speakers, most of them now elderly. In May 2004, the Provincial government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province.

In Prince Edward Island, the Colonel Gray High School is now offering two courses in Gaelic, an introductory and an advanced course, both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.

The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of Gaelic. Along with Irish and Welsh, Gaelic is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture.

The Columba Initiative, also known as colmcille (formerly Iomairt Cholm Cille), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish.

However, given there are no longer any unilingual Gaelic speakers, UK Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Working Paper 10 - R.Dunbar, 2003 following an appeal in the court case of Taylor v Haughney (1982), involving the staus of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the High Court of Justiciary ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings. Official Status for Gaelic: Prospects and Problems

Under the provisions of the 2005 Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland.

Church In the Western Isles, the isles of Lewis, Harris and North Uist have a Presbyterian majority (largely Church of Scotland - Eaglais na h-Alba in Gaelic, Free Church of Scotland (post 1900) and Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland.) The isles of South Uist and Barra have a Catholic majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles.

There are Gaelic-speaking congregations in the Church of Scotland, mainly in the Highlands and Islands, but also in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are St Columba's Church, Glasgow and Greyfriars Kirk, Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Leabhar Sheirbheisean - a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common Order - was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland, ISBN 0-907624-12-X.

The relationship between the Church and Gaelic has not always been an easy one. The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for Gaelic's decline. Whilst the Church of Scotland is supportive today, there is, however, an increasing difficulty in being able to find Gaelic-speaking ministers.

Personal names Gaelic has a number of personal names, such as Ailean, Aonghas, Dòmhnall, Donnchadh, Coinneach, Murchadh, for which there are traditional forms in English (Alan, Angus, Donald, Duncan, Kenneth, Murdo). There are also distinctly Scottish Gaelic forms of names that belong to the common European stock of given names, such as: Iain (John), Alasdair (Alexander), Uilleam (William), Catrìona (Catherine), Cairistìona (Christina), Anna (Ann), Màiri (Mary), Seumas (James) and Pàdraig (Patrick). Some names have come into Gaelic from Old Norse language, for example: Somhairle ( < Somarliðr), Tormod (< Þórmóðr), Torcuil (< Þórkell, Þórketill), Ìomhair (Ívarr). These are conventionally rendered in English as Sorley (or, historically, Somerled), Norman, Torquil, and Iver (or Evander). There are other, traditional, Gaelic names which have no direct equivalents in English: Oighrig, which is normally rendered as Euphemia (Effie) or Henrietta (Etta) (formerly also as Henny or even as Harriet), or, Diorbhal, which is "matched" with Dorothy, simply on the basis of a certain similarity in spelling; Gormul, for which there is nothing similar in English, and it is rendered as 'Gormelia' or even 'Dorothy'; Beathag, which is "matched" with Becky (> Rebecca) and even Betsy, or Sophie.

Many of these are now regarded as old-fashioned, and are no longer used (which is, of course, a feature common to many cultures: names go out of fashion). As there is only a relatively small pool of traditional Gaelic names from which to choose, some families within the Gaelic-speaking communities have in recent years made a conscious decision when naming their children to seek out names that are used within the wider English-speaking world. These names do not, of course, have an equivalent in Gaelic. What effect that practice (if it becomes popular) might have on the language remains to be seen. At this stage (2005), it is clear that some native Gaelic-speakers are willing to break with tradition. Opinion on this practice is divided; whilst some would argue that they are thereby weakening their link with their linguistic and cultural heritage, others take the opposing view that Gaelic, as with any other language, must retain a degree of flexibility and adaptability if it is to survive in the modern world at all.

The well-known name Hamish, and the recently established Mhairi (pronounced ) come from the Gaelic for, respectively, James, and Mary, but derive from the form of the names as they appear in the vocative case: Seumas (James) (nom.) → Sheumais (voc.), and, Màiri (Mary) (nom.) → Mhàiri (voc.).

The most common class of Gaelic surnames are, of course, those beginning with mac (Gaelic for son), such as MacGillEathain (MacLean). The female form is nic (Gaelic for daughter), so Catherine MacPhee is properly called in Gaelic, Caitrìona Nic a' Phì. "nic" is a contraction of the Gaelic phrase "nighean mhic", meaning "daughter of the son", thus Nic Dhomhnuill, really means "daughter of MacDonald" rather than "daughter of Donald". Although there is a common misconception that "mac" means "son of", the "of" part actually comes from the genitive form of the patronymic that follows the prefix "Mac", e.g., in the case of MacNéill, Néill (of Neil) is the genitive form of Niall (Neil).

Several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames: bàn (Bain - white), ruadh (Roy - red), dubh (Dow - black), donn (Dunn - brown), buidhe (Bowie - yellow).

Loanwords The majority of Scottish Gaelic's vocabulary is native Celtic languages. There are a large number of borrowings from Latin, (muinntir, Didòmhnaich), ancient Greek language, especially in the religious domain (eaglais, Bìoball from Ekklesia and Biblia), Old Norse language (eilean, sgeir), Hebrew language (Sàbaid, Aba) and Scots language (briogais, aidh).

In common with other Indo-European languages, the neologisms which are coined for modern concepts are typically based on Greek language or Latin, although writtenin Gaelic orthography; television, for instance, becomes telebhisean (cian-dhealbh could also be used), and computer becomes coimpiùtar (aireamhadair, bocsa-fiosa or bocsa-sgrìobhaidh could also be used). Although native speakers frequently use an English word for which there is a perfectly good Gaelic equivalent, they will, without thinking, simply adopt the English word and use it, applying the rules of Gaelic grammar, as the situation requires. With verbs, for instance, they will simply add the verbal suffix (-eadh, or, in Lewis, -igeadh, as in, "Tha mi a' watcheadh (Lewis, "watchigeadh") an telly" (I am watching the television), instead of "Tha mi a' coimhead air a' chian-dhealbh". This was remarked upon by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of Stornoway, Outer Hebrides in the New Statistical Account of Scotland, published over 170 years ago. However,as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels is becoming more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary.

Going in the other direction, Scottish Gaelic has influenced the Scots language (gob) and English, particularly Scottish Standard English. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, strontium (from Strontian), trousers, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben (beinn), glen (gleann) and loch. Irish language has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic. See List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin

Source: An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Alexander MacBain.

Common Scottish Gaelic words and phrases with Irish equivalents {| class="wikitable"|-! Scottish Gaelic Phrase! Irish Equivalent! Rough English Translation|-|Fàilte || Fáilte || Welcome|-|Halò || Haileo or Dia dhuit (trad., lit.: "God be with you") || Hello|-|Latha math || Lá maith || Good day|-|Ciamar a tha thu? || Conas atá tú? (Cad é mar atá tú? in Ulster Irish) || How are you?|-|Ciamar a tha sibh? || Conas atá sibh? (Cad é mar atá sibh? in Ulster Irish) || How are you? (plural, singular formal)|-|Madainn mhath || Maidin mhaith || Good morning|-|Feasgar math || Trathnóna maith || Good afternoon|-|Oidhche mhath || Oíche mhaith || Good night|-|Ma 's e do thoil e || Más é do thoil é || If you please|-|Ma 's e (bh)ur toil e || Más é bhur dtoil é || If you please (plural, singular formal)|-|Tapadh leat || Go raibh maith agat || Thank you|-|Tapadh leibh || Go raibh maith agaibh || Thank you (plural, singular formal)|-|Dè an t-ainm a tha ort? || Cad é an t-ainm atá ort? || What is your name?|-|Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh? || Cad é an t-ainm atá oraibh? || What is your name?(plural, singular formal)|-|Is mise... || Is mise... || I am...|-|Slàn leat || Slán leat || Goodbye|-|Slàn leibh || Slán libh || Goodbye (plural, singular formal)|-|Dè a tha seo? || Cad é seo? || What is this?|-|Slàinte || Sláinte || "health" (used as a toast English "cheers" when drinking)|-|}

References See also

Resources

External links



Scottish Gaelic learners' materials online
Links to many different online lessons sites

Comparison of Irish and Scottish Gaelic
A three-column table of common phrases in English, Scottish Gaelic, and Irish for comparison.

Scottish Gaelic - Gaidhlig na h-Alba
Information about Scottish Gaelic - the indigenous language of the Scotland's Highlands and Islands

Scottish Gaelic - UK Youth Parliament Forums
Scottish Gaelic Culture, Media and Sport ... Be advised that this is a public poll: other users can see the choice(s) you selected.

BBC - Beag air Bheag - Home
The BBC Alba Gaelic learning website with ten learning topics, extensive audio examples, conversations, self-assessment quizzes and Gaelic songs. Cyrsa do luchd-ionnsachaidh bho ...

Scottish Gaelic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. This branch also includes the Irish and Manx languages. It is distinct from the Brythonic branch ...

Scottish Arts Council - Gaelic (English translation)
Gaelic (an English translation) Gaelic is a vital and living part of Scotland’s diverse cultural heritage.   At the 2001 census, approximately 1.9% of people in Scotland aged 2 ...

Scottish Arts Council - Gaelic publications
Gaelic publications: Featuring publications relating to the promotion by the Scottish Arts Council of the Gaelic language. Showing publications 1 - 5 of 5

Scottish Parliament Corporate Body Gaelic Language Plan
The Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body is required by the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 to produce a Gaelic Language Plan and to consult on it with interested parties.

Scottish Gaelic Society of Victoria Intro Page
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Scottish Gaelic



 
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